Menilai dari Seekor Ular

Sabtu 29 Mei (on the way back to Loteng):
Seorang pemuda mengendarai motor sport didepanku, pemuda ini tidak menggunakan helm dan kebut-kebutan di jalan. Mungkin dia merasa jalan raya dalah miliknya seorang. Dia sedang melenggak lenggokkan motornya ketika seorang kakek-kakek akan menyebrang jalan. Hampir saja kakek itu tertabrak kalau saja dia tak segera mundur beberapa langkah. Untunglah kakek-kakek itu selmat meski dari suara teriakan dan ekspresi wajahnya ia sangat sangat kaget. Yang lebih mengherankan lagi sang pemuda tak sedetikpun menghentikan motornya dan meminta maaf pada kakek itu. Tapi ada yang lebih mengherankan, orang-orang yang menyaksikan peristiwa tersebut menertawakannya.

Ahad 30 Mei (On the way back to Mataram):
Seorang bapak2 berjenggot lebat mengendarai motor dengan flat speed, rapi dengan helm. Tiba-tiba ditengah jalan muncul seekor ular, sang bapak tidak bisa mengelak dari melindas ekor ular itu. Sang bapk pun menhentikan motornya dan dengan raut wajah khawatir ia bertanya padaku "Mati nggak?" akupun menggeleng, karena ular itu masih berlenggak-lenggok menyebrang jalan. "Alhamdulillah". Iapun melanjutkan berjalanannya dengan memasang senyum setelah mengetahui ular itu selamat.

Subhanallah ada orang yang sangat menjaga adab meskipun hanya dengan seekor binatang. Bapak itu pasti mengetahui adab terhadap binatang sebagaimana Rasulullah mengajarkan ummatnya, membunuh seekor semutpun tak boleh dengan membakar, menyembelih binatang memakai pisau yang tajam---agar sakit yang dirasakan berlalu dengan cepat. Pantaslah bahwa Allah meninggikan derajat orang-orang yang berilmu beberapa derajat dibandingkan dengan yang lainnya. Orang yang tau bagaimana menjaga hubungan dengan Allah, manusia dan dengan mahluk Allah lainnya.

Wallahu'alambishawab.....
Yang benar datangnya dari Allah, kesalahan yang saya perbuat di tulisan ini murni kesalahan pribadi sebagai manusia mengutip pepatah barat "Mistake is on human"

Syntax: Relativization

RELATIVIZATION IN MERIAQ MERIKU DIALECT

A. INTRODUCTION
This relativization focus on Sasak Language especially in Meriaq-Meriku Dialect [MMD].
B. NP ACCESSIBILITY
In MMD the Accessibility Hierarchy for NP follows Keenan and Comrie rule:
[1] SU > DO > IO > OBL > GEN > O COMP
For example:
[2] Maling eto matek mamiq-kh
Thief DEF kill father-1SG.POSS
“That thief kill my father”
[3] *Mamiq-kh saq maling eto matek
Father-1SG.POSS REL thief DEF kill
“My father whom the thief kill”
The right sentence is:
[4] Mamiq-kh saq maling eto matek-n
Father-1SG.POSS REL thief DEF killed
“My father whom the thief killed”
[5] Mamiq-kh siq maling eto matek-n
Father-1SG.POSS REL thief DEF killed
“My father whom the thief killed”

There are two markers for relativization in MMD, saq and siq. But siq only occur in NP accessibikity H and in Object Relativization.

In Meriaq Meriku Dialect sentence [4] the sentence is added by mu-n to produce the right sentence. Mu-n is marker for PAST and 3rd Person Singular or Plural.

C. SUBJECT RELATIVIZATION
In Meriaq Meriku Dialect, the NP functioning as S is very easy to relativize. Seen from the sentences below:
[6] Juni jual manoq
Juni sells chickens
“Juni sells chicken”
[7] Juni saq jual manoq panggang
Juni REL sells chickens roasted
Juni who sells roasted chicken”
Example [5] is the active clause and Juni which is preverbal is S. example [6] show the S relativization and saq is the relative marker of the clause.
D. OBJECT RELATIVIZATION
In Meriaq-Meriku Dialect, it is not possible to relativize the object. Firstly, the NP functioning as O has to be promoted to become a grammatical S in the passive. For example:
[8] Juni jual manoq
Juni sells chickens
“Juni sells chicken”
[9] *Manoq saq Juni jual
Manoq REL Juni sells
“Chickens which Juni sold”
[10] Manoq te-jual siq Juni
Chicken PASS-sells by Juni
“Chickens were sold by Juni”
[11] Manoq saq te-jual siq Juni
Chicken REL PASS-sells by Juni
“Chickens that were sold by Juni”
But in Meriaq Meriku dialect we can also have another form of object realtivization after promoting the O to grammatical S [11] and become other form of object realtivization, examine example below:
[12] Manoq te-jual siq Juni
Chicken PASS-sells by Juni
“Chickens were sold by Juni”
[13] Manoq saq-n jual siq Juni
Chicken REL-3SG sells by Juni
““Chickens were sold by Juni”
[14] Manoq siq-n jual siq Juni
Chicken REL-3SG sells by Juni
““Chickens were sold by Juni”

There are two forms of relativization markers in MMD they are saq and siq.

E. OBLIQUE RELATIVIZATION
a. BENEFACTIVE
There is no benefactive relativization in MMD.
b. RECIPIENT
The sentences below are the process of recipient relativization.
[15] Juni beng manoq eto leq Anjung
Juni give chicken DEF to Anjung
“Juni give that chicken to Anjung”
[16] Juni beng Anjung manoq eto
Juni give Anjung chicken DEF
“Juni give Anjung that chicken”
[17] Anjung te-tebeng manoq siq Juni
Anjung PASS-give chicken by Juni
“Anjung was given that chicken by Juni”

[18] Anjung saq te-tebeng manoq siq Juni
Anjung REL PASS-give chicken by Juni
Anjung who was given that chicken by Juni

F. DOUBLE RELATIVIZATION MARKER
It is possible in MMD dialect sentences have two relativization marker as long as the sentence has two argument. Examine these example:
a. NP accessibility Hierarchy
Cannot added with two markers of relativization
b. Subject Relativization
For example we take the example from [6] and [7].
[19] Juni jual manoq
Juni sells chickens
“Juni sells chicken”
[20] Juni saq jual manoq panggang
Juni REL sells chickens roasted
“Juni who sells roasted chicken”
When it doubled relativize, it becomes:
[21] Juni saq siq jual manoq panggang eto mati
Juni REL REL sells chickens roasted DEF die
“Juni who sells roasted chicken, died”
It means that Juni died
c. Object Relativization
Juni jual manoq
Juni sells chickens
“Juni sells chicken”
[22] *Manoq saq Juni jual
Manoq REL Juni sells
“Chickens which Juni sold”


[23] Manoq te-jual siq Juni
Chicken PASS-sells by Juni
“Chickens were sold by Juni”
[24] Manoq saq te-jual siq Juni
Chicken REL PASS-sells by Juni
“Chickens that were sold by Juni”
When it becomes double relativize, the form is:
[25] Manoq saq siq te-jual siq Juni, mate
Chicken REL REL PASS-sells by Juni
“Chickens that were sold by Juni, died”
It means that the chicken died
d. Oblique Relativization
The sentences below is the process of recipient relativization and markers doubling.
[26] Juni beng manoq eto leq Anjung
Juni give chicken DEF to Anjung
“Juni give that chicken to Anjung”
[27] Juni beng Anjung manoq eto
Juni give Anjung chicken DEF
“Juni give Anjung that chicken”
[28] Anjung te-tebeng manoq siq Juni
Anjung PASS-give chicken by Juni
“Anjung was given that chicken by Juni”
[29] Anjung saq te-tebeng manoq siq Juni
Anjung REL PASS-give chicken by Juni
Anjung who was given that chicken by Juni
When the above sentence added with two REL markers, it becomes:
[30] Anjung saq siq te-tebeng manoq siq Juni
Anjung REL REL PASS-give chicken by Juni
“Anjung who was given that chicken by Juni, died”
It means that Anjung died

English for Specific Purposes (ESP)

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. THE IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH

Nowadays life becomes more modern. Modern life reflected from high mobility, high communication, and high technology. Globalization era forced us to communicate with some other people throughout the world. Then, we need one language to use as an international language.
Today, one language that can be an international language is English.
In this computer age, English is the only language that any one can understand. So to say, it has become as an ideal language for expressing our feelings. First, we have to learn the language and then we have to gain fluency in the language. Unless we have the fluency in English language, it would not be possible to work with the computer. If you do not know English, then you would be in need of a translator to do the job.
Not only to operate computer but also in trading with other people from other country, information sharing, and tourism. Therefore English is urgently needed to be taught.

B. BRIEF REVIEW OF AN ESP APROACH IN SYLLABUS DESIGN

Courses design is the process collecting the data about learners’ need that interpreted to make learners learn a special and particular material that suitable for them.
There are many different approaches to make a syllabus design. They are:
1. Structural is grammatical and phonological structure are the organizing principles – sequenced from easy to difficult or frequent to less frequent.
2. Situational is an approaches in syllabus design that situational – situations such as the bank, at the supermarket, at post office etc. from the organizing principles – sequencing by the like hood that student will encounter them
3. Topical when the approaches a certain topics such as food, health, clothing etc. form the organizing principles – sequenced by the like hood that student will encounter them
4. Functional, approaches when the function such as reporting, identifying, correcting, describing etc. are the organizing principles – sequenced by some sense of chronology or usefulness of each function (structural and situational sequences may be in the background)
5. Notional, the approaches of conceptual categories called notions (such as durations, quantity, location, etc) are the basis of the organization --- sequenced by some sense of chronology or usefulness of each notion (structural and situational sequences may be in the background)
6. Skill: skills such as listening for gist, listening for main ideas, listening for interferences, scanning, skimming, etc. serve the basis for the organization --- sequenced by some sense chronology or usefulness for each skill (structural and situational sequences may be in the background)
7. Task: task or activity based categories (such as drawing maps, following directions, following instruction, etc. serve for the organization sequenced by the importance of the tasks (structural and situational sequences may be in the background)
8. Mixed or Layered Syllabi: Mixed syllabi occur when author combine two or more types of the syllabi together. Layered have secondary or tertiary syllabi that operate underneath the primary syllabus.
According to Honore de Baizac there are three approaches in course design. They are:
1. Language-centered course design
This is the simplest kind of course design process. The purpose of this approach is to draw as direct a connection as possible between the analysis of the target situation and the content of the ESP course.
2. Skills-centered course design
This approach to ESP are well known and widely applied in great number of countries. Skills centered approach purpose is for get away from the surface performance data and look at the competence that underlies the performance. The basis of this approach derives form a distinction between goal oriented courses and process oriented courses.
3. A learning-centered approach
The approach based on the principle that learning is totally determined by the learner. Learning is seen as a process in which the learner use what knowledge or skills they have in order to make sense of the flow of new information. The purpose of this approach is students are being able to read the texts in their subject specialism.
C. METHOD OF DOING NEEDS ANALYSIS
The method of doing this needs analysis is a library research and using internet search (search engine). After collecting the data, the writer analyzes it by using content analysis. The result of this study is made in order to make a need analysis then make a syllabus.

REFFERENCE

http://www.englishclub.com/english-for-work/police.htm
http://ezinearticles.com/
http://www.usingenglish.com/
Sujana, I Made. 2006. English for Specific Purpose: Course Reader 1. Mataram: English Education Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Mataram University
Qoyyimah, U., Achmad F. 2008. English for Professionals. Jogjakarta: Golden Book.

English Drama Analysis: Glass Managerie Play

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND
Prose analysis is almost old as prose itself. One of the branches of prose is a fiction. Drama is one of a fiction form. This analysis will concern to Tennessee William Drama and focus on one character, Tom. Tom suffers from a frustration.
The play is not real, just a memory play use special effects like music. For Amanda memory is kind of escape, she always repeat the same story to her children that show she always escaping to her memory (she received seventeen gentleman caller) from the present fact; her hard situation being a single parent and unemployed because she chosed their father. But for Tom, memory is kind of thing that cannot be escaped.
In this explanation, we will discuss Tom’s characters and Tom himself that being a symbol in the play.
B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. What are the characters of Tom in “Glass Managerie Play”?
2. What are the symbols that represent by Tom in “Glass Managerie Play”
C. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
1. Find the characters of Tom in “Glass Managerie Play”
2. Find the symbols that represent by Tom in “Glass Managerie Play”




CHAPTER II
ANALYSIS
A. TOM’S CHARACTERS
a. Responsible Person
Tom viewed as a responsible person in his family. He worked in a shoemaker’s warehouse, earning money for his mother Amanda and his sister Laura. It is seen from his words “You think I’m in love with the Continental Shoemakers? You think I want to spend fifty years down there in that ceiotex interior! With – fluorescent – tubes! It shows that he extremely disliked his job, but he had to do this job for his family. Even at last he left his family behind, but the memory of Amanda and his crippled sister Laura haunted him every day “it always came upon me unaware, taking me altogether by surprise. Perhaps it was familiar bit of music. Perhaps it was only a piece of transparent glass…..” and “I reach a cigarette, I cross the street, I run into the movies or bar, I buy a drink, I speak to nearest stranger – anything that can blow your candles out! It shows that he was trying to escape from his family but it didn’t work. Something that unaware played his memory. It means that something under his awareness he still concern about his family’s life.
b. Ambitious Person
Tom is ambitious person SEEN FROM “Amanda: That hideous book by that insane Mr. Lawrence. I cannot control the output of diseased mind or people who cater to them – BUT I WON’T ALLOW CUSH FILTH BROUGHT INTO MY HOUSE! No, no, no, no, no! it show that Mr. Lawrence referred to D. H. Lawrence, Tom was interested in literary work . It was Tom ambitions. It also seen from Jim special call for Tom “Shakespeare”
And from the beginning of the play Tom wore merchant sailor that reflect Tom ambitions, it is related to other Tom’s word: “I like adventure…” he could not wait any longer to make his dream comes true “…But I’m not patient. I don’t want to wait till then. I’m tired of the movies and I’m about to move!” to move means that he wanted to go away from his family, and make change of his own life.
Ambitious man reflected from his words “I’m stating to boil inside. I know I seem dreamy, but inside – well, I’m boiling…” it means that his ambitions were in top of his mind. His ambitions were overflow and no one could stop it, even his family because he was already paid for The Union of Merchant Seamen.
c. Frustration man
Since his father escaped, Tom took responsibility of his family economy. It was hard for him. He loved his mother and sister, but he feels trapped at home. They are dependent to Tom as long as Tom still stays at home. It was make Tom become a frustrated man; try to escape from the reality to the illusion. Seen from “but I am opposite of stage magician. He gives you illusion that has the appearance of truth. I give you truth in the pleasant disguise of illusion” it means that he denied the fact; he tried to escape from the reality. Therefore every night he went to the movies to blow over his frustration.
“TOM: I’ll rise but I won’t shine” show us that he worked and life but could live a life. He rise but not shine. He worked but didn’t have spirit in his life. It was a frustration.
And here Tom’s other words that show his frustration, worked in warehouse.
“…..none of those instincts are given much play at the warehouse…”
“You think I’m in love with the Continental Shoemakers? You think I want to spend fifty years down there in that ceiotex interior! With – fluorescent – tubes!”


B. TOM CHARACTERS THROUGH SYMBOL
a. Frustration
i. Fire escape: he mentioned this word at the beginning of the play to inform us his condition, he used to escape from his tiny apartment and go to the outside world. And he went down to the fire escape and stood on the landing at the end of the play to show his position between his family and the outside world, between his responsibility and his ambition to live his own life and to reach his dream.
ii. Movies: Tom addicted to the movies reveals his need for fantasy of wonderful places outside his apartment and warehouse. He can only blow his frustration with movie; escape from the reality. He dreamed to leave his home and has own life.
iii. Magician Tricks: represent what tom wanted to do, escaping in a flash from his family, easy way escape. But the fact is not as easy as that way.
iv. Coffin: show his dead life. Being trap in coffin: trapped in apartment and his dark life. The magician is able to escape from the coffin without destroying single part of it nails; it that entire Tom wants, being escape without hurting his family by taking gentleman caller for Laura.
b. Responsible
i. Magician: he wanted to be like magician, got out of the coffin without removing one nail, it means that he wanted to escape go away) from his family that trapped him without hurting his sister or his mother “We nailed him into a coffin and he got out of the coffin without removing one nail”

Creative Literary Writing (CLW): Lombok International Airport, Between Dream and Reality

LOMBOK INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT:
BETWEEN DREAM AND REALITY


Nowadays, life is getting modern than before, characterize with high mobility. High mobility reflected from supporting transportation, such as plane, train, bus, ship etc. The fastest among that transportation is a plane. We can reach our destination a thousand miles only in a few hours. And one of the infrastructures that support it is an airport.
We cannot deny how important airport in our life. And Soekarno Hatta Airport (Jakarta) is mentioned as the number 2 of the most crowded and fast developing airport in the world. Minister of Transportation, Hatta Radjasa mention that the number of airplane passengers after the crisis of year 200 reached 9,6 million people, year 2002 12 million people, 2004 increase again and become 24 million and year 2005 is estimated around 30 million passenger. This increased mobility, if it not anticipated, will cause technical problem.
West Nusa Tenggara has a tourism potential and economic growth that should be supported by bigger airport than Selaparang Airport. New airport erection is urgently needed because Selaparang Airport can not be widening because of some reason according to General Manager PT Angkasa Pura I:
1. Widening Selaparang Airport, 2500 miles to the west will pay a high cost (there are trade area, Chinese grave, and road to Senggigi.
2. Widening runway to the east is hard, because there is Rinjani Mountain.
3. Widening runway operationally is not possible.
4. Widening the runway to the south should freed settlement.
5. Widening the runway to the north should free the trade area, terminal, and settlement around 248. 140 m2.
6. Moving the DVOR needed 40.000 m2
7. Widening the runway should build new tower, building, cargo etc.
8. Etc
Seeing these reasons we should build new airport. Because we have people who need to travel for economical, social, cultural, political and for distribution reasons. According to Minister of Transportation Hatta Radjasa, this is the second airport development by PT Angkasa Pura I after Makassar which is done by them selves, and not like the other airport which follows the government pattern. But the fund can be from investor, central government budget and local government budget, he said. For the development of Lombok International Airport which has a base length of 2.750 meter and width of 45 meter, the first fund to make the airport suitable for landing of Airbus 310 and Boing 747 will amount IDR 625 billion, not included the land price for the finally released land of 538 hectare after 12 years in dispute. The last piece of land of 7,4 hectare was paid by local government of Nusa Tenggara Barat on Saturday (26/11) for IDR 2,6 billion or IDR 3,5 million per are (100 m2).
Lombok is looking forward to increase the tourism industry to hope improving the living standards of many of the people not only in the area but on the whole island. With this new airport, it hopes that the bigger size aircrafts can land directly from Europe, Australia or other Asian Countries without having to transit in Denpasar or Jakarta.
Lombok's new International Airport planned to have a runway of 2,750M long, and 45M width to enable the Boeing 747 or Airbus 310 can safely landed. Lombok and Sumbawa has become very potential place for the Tourist Destination. The airport will be located in Tanak Awu, Central Lombok, and will replace the existing Selaparang airport in Mataram, which currently can only handle small aircraft and is limited to mainly domestic flights.
The other reasons in erecting this airport according to PT. Angkasa Pura and Department of Directorate General of Air Communication are:

(1) Lombok has been targeted to expand as role as primary Indonesian tourist destination. As Bali neighbor many tourist currently travel to Bali then Lombok. With the development of the new first class International Lombok Airport. International tourist can fly direct making Lombok a primary tourist destination. Central Lombok was estimated that 5 percent of these international travelers would elect to fly to and from Lombok Airport instead of Bali Airport.
(2) The development of tourism in Lombok will increase. The potential for both domestic and International tourist traveling to Lombok, likely resulting in increased growth rates. The expectation of increased international air services is likely to add an additional boost to international passenger growth.
(3) As international Airport New Lombok will have level of service and the capacity of Lombok Airport will increase to meet the air traffic demand.
But government’s policy to build LIA, has been criticize by some NGO’s such as Formula (Forum Silaturrahim Pemuda Mahasiswa Lombok Tengah Selatan) and from indigenous society around LIA’s area.
There are some problem that arise for this government policy, they are:
1. The erection of LIA is not in balance with the human resources around the area. PT Angkasa Pura argued that LIA will supply a thousand jobs for indigenous people. But what a pity, most of them is a farmer that has no skills or knowledge to work in LIA. The possibility is other people in big amount will come to Central Lombok and push them away from their land. How poor it is.
2. Indigenous people will have a culture shock, lots of different cultures come towards them, and not impossible the genuine culture of them will disappear if they have no filter at all. In other words, globalization comes towards them and ready destruct their culture in a flash….!!!
3. Lombok International Airport predicted will have 2 billion air passengers a year. It means that every day LIA should has 5479 passengers per day. If we examine Selaparang airport whose passengers only 800 000 air passengers every year. The consequence if LIA’s erection without any economic strategy is government will be in lost. If the passengers less than 1,4 billion people, NTB provincial government should pay the operational fund around 56 billion every year! This is a big amount of fund for NTB!
4. Central Lombok roadway is far from the standard roadway. Roadway along Penujak, Batujai, Mangkung, Kawo, and Teruwai is notfulfilling the standard at all. Government planned Central Lombok as a location for tourism resort but if the road along LIA does not support it, it is no use to erect International Lombok Airport.
5. There are lots of Central Lombok potency (NTB in general) in tourism that will increase air passenger but there are no well supporting infrastructures especially in tourism resort interact tourism to come to Lombok.
6. Central Lombok is one of NTB area whose electricity power is low. The availability of high electricity power takes an important role in economy development. As we know that International Airport needs high power of electricity. Therefore is it too hard to and needs time to build LIA.

Seeing the problem above, since the International Lombok Airport has been planned, national or local government should do to step in preventing the lost, they are; do economic analysis and make an economic strategy so the LIA passengers target will be reach then identifying NTB’s potency .
First, the plan of economy development is urgently needed to decrease the poverty. The economy development purpose is mainly to raise the income average of society with development target, potency analysis, power and weaknesses. Therefore there should be an economy analysis. According to Suparmoko, They are:
1. Identifying the power and weaknesses which potency that should be developed
2. Identifying which sector whose potency should be re-plan
3. Identifying the resources that support the development of particular sector
4. From those steps then we should do the second analysis which sector that have high economy potency to be developed.
5. Finally, planning the strategy to develop chosen sector that give a stimulus to other sector to be developed that seeing these things:
a. The development of agriculture, animal husbandry, and tourism
b. The development of fields that make one another balance such as forestry, water availability, transportation and infrastructures.
Second, identifying NTB’s potencies, that will support LIA seen from:
1. Tourism Potency
Tourism is the second sector after agriculture that has good influence to the economy development. NTB province is one of Indonesian province whose tourism potency is rich.
NTB is in Los Palos and in Gold Triangle (Bali, Tana Toraja, P. Komodo). Therefore NTB has lot of tourism resorts which will attract tourists. For example, their beautiful beaches with white sand, beautiful view of mountainous land and etc. In the southern part of Central Lombok abundant with beautiful beach; Kute Beach, An Beach, Seger Beach, and Selong Belanak beach that well known throughout the world. Rinjani forest, Tambora forest and Moyo island that over us with beautiful view also well known.
Unique culture is also NTB’s potency such as traditional dance; gandrung, sumbawan dance, gendang beleq, and etc.
That tourism potency should be analyzed and developed by NTB’s government.
2. Handiraft
Hand woven: songket, kembang komaq, selulut and ragi genap produces by unique traditional technique that is nensek.
Hand pottery: gerabah that well known internationally.
Their problem is in marketing strategy because generally they are uneducated, so this is government duty to help in marketing strategy or something else.
3. Agriculture Potency
West Nusa Tenggara agriculture area that can be used is 1. 106. 599 Ha. Just one-third of them are already used for agriculture but the rest are unmanaged because of irrigation problem. Therefore, increasing the production in agriculture, local government should concern in irrigation. For the dry area should manage with proper technology. And for farmer with low price of rise problem should be solved by local goverment
4. Fishery Potency
Fishery developing area devided into three, they are:
a. Lombok Island
b. West Sumbawa Island
c. East Sumbawa Island
Fishery potency in NTB can support the development of economy and economic development can support LIA in future to preventing the lost. Therefore provincial government should concern to fishery.
5. Mine Potency
6. Forestry Potency

Finally, West Nusa Tenggara provincial government should see NTB’s prospect before erecting Lombok International Airport. Therefore in the future LIA will not be just as useless as Surabaya International Airport and Makasar International airport that use just in Hajj.
Lombok International Airport: Between dream and reality……………

Creative Literary Writing (CLW): Global Warning for The Global Warming

GLOBAL WARNING FOR THE GLOBAL WARMING
(URGENT ACTION TO MITIGATING GLOBAL WARMING)

Global warming is the hottest issue in the worlds. COP (Conference of the Parties) were held in Bali last year. This COP called with United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC). UNFCCC is human’s hope to save the world by making a road map of the agreement related to the climate change. This is the hope of Kyoto Protocol that will expire in 2012.
UNFCCC is the agreement of World’s Conference in 1992 that was ratified by 192 countries in the world. The main purpose of this conference is to mitigating greenhouse gas in protecting the world from this dangerous for world’s climate. Unfortunately the agreement does not force the developed countries that produce high emission to mitigate their emission. In 1997, through the third COP (Kyoto) there was an agreement of the decreasing target of emission for Annex members about 5, 2 % green house gas under the baseline in 1990 during 1998 to 20112. But, again, there was no implementation of this agreement since this time. The rulebook of Kyoto Protocol was broke down by several developed country especially United State of America.
In 2001, through the sixth COP, new rulebook was made in German comprises the way to mitigating global warming and the rule of reducing emission for the country that ratified Kyoto Protocol.
As we know that, based on “common but differentiated responsibilities” principle in UNFCCC rulebook, the Annex I and non Annex I have different responsibility in mitigating global warming. Annex I is country that produce green house gas since Industry revolution, it was in 80-es era. Consists of 24 Highly Developed Countries and 14 Countries with Economies in Transition (Eastern and Central Europe Country). Meanwhile Non Annex I is countries that produce low emission with low economic development.
Global Warming, “Sign of the Last Day?”
In 70-es and 80-es decade the hottest issues in the world was Stars Wars, was only a dream. Before we find the exact place as a replacement of our earth that was too old --- some people said --- maybe human will not find the new place to live a life after the death of the earth. That will happen in a short time if the global warming is not mitigated and emission production still in high level. The scientist prediction, life of the earth will lasted just one century from now. Global warming is the most scaring thing that face by human in the world.
Climate change is happen because the increasing of the global warming that causes by green house effect. Green house effect is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century, and its projected continuation. The sun heat is being trapped by the emission so that it causes increasing of the world’s temperature. The gas that mostly dominant are: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Nitrous Oxide (N20), per fluorocarbon (PFC), Hydro fluorocarbon (HFC) and Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).
According to the third Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that was published in 2001, there was increasing of the CO2 amount in the air. And the recent report said that from 1990 – 2005, world’s temperature is increasing, it is about 0,15 – 0,30 degree.
There was climate change occurred significantly, the long lasting summer, the increasing of storm, flood, low amount of clean water, the world’s temperature is increasing. And the scariest thing is the eternal ice in Jayawijaya and Antarctic is melted. Then according to Queen’s University, Canada, the Antarctic temperature is 22 degree (its normal temperature is 2-4 degree Celsius). It was sooooooo scary.
Related to this fact, then, UNFCCC has some agenda to be discussed. They are: first, Joint Implementation; second, Carbon Trading, the last is Clean Development Mechanism.
CDM mechanism makes cooperation between Annex I country and Non Annex I country in mitigating global warming. But JI and CT give a chance between Annex I country to do the cooperation to gives fund to the Non Annex I countries.
This mechanism seems perfect in the surface but has lot of weaknesses in implementation. Since 1990 to 2001 Annex countries has already reduce their emission that affect to their GDP (Gross Domestic Product) decreasing, but on the other hand Non Annex Country increase their emission. Does the emission decrease???
The second weakness of this mechanism is about carbon trading. The Annex country that could not decrease their emission can give a fund to the Non Annex country. Therefore the emission is still in high position. Again, does the emission decrease???
The third problem in implementing this mechanism is technology transfer that will not success, is it possible developed country transfer their expensive environmental technology to the developing country free??? Again, there are no free things in the world. All things need money.
Climate change policy should gives justice to all countries. But economic reason --- maybe --- is the most obstacles in implementing this mechanism. And on the top of it the high production of emission country, United Nation of America till this time does not reducing its emission.
The exact thing is the poor country and developing country are not ready to mitigating global warming --- climate change. It was an irony, developing countries were forced to keep their forest and they could not take economic benefits from it--- their main income --- and on the other hand the developed countries with high emission just give limited fund to the poor and developing countries.
“Global Warming for the Global Warming” does not remind high emission production country to aware about this “sign of the last day”.
There is little country that acts as the core, the rest become a place to rely on, and lots of them become periphery. Indonesia??????????

Academic Writing: Lombok International Airport

CHAPTER I
INTRODDUCTION

A. BACKGROUND OF STUDY
West Nusa Tenggara is one of island province in Indonesia. West Nusa Tenggara is in the 32nd place from 33 province of Human Development Index that will be faced by its new governor, TGH Zainul Majdi. Low economy and education grade make society life under the prosperity level. There are lots of potencies of this area that will rise its IPM if they manage it well. Therefore to develop economy in West Nusa Tenggara, its government will build Lombok International Airport.
The main reasons to do that plan are:
1. The government policy in developing economy grade
2. The existence of Lombok International Airport will improve the economy development
3. Selaparang Airport can not be widening seen from various operational aspect.
4. In 1995 PT. Angkasa Pura I has already buy 538, 8 Ha land area in Central Lombok for replacement of Selaparang Airport
Government’s want to build Lombok International Airport is in final decision and it can not be broke down. However, before deciding whether to build it or not, government should do economy analysis. Based on the economy analysis, modern society characterize with high mobility. And the erection of Lombok International Airport is not in balance with economic level of West Nusa Tenggara in general, and especially Central Lombok economy capability.
Angkasa Pura target there will be 2 million passengers per year; it means that every day there should be a flight with 5479 passenger a day.
If we analyze the amount of the passenger in Selaparang Airport whose passenger just 800 a day, consequently government is in lost if every year LIA has passenger under 1,4 million passenger. Then NTB’s government should give a subsidy 56 billions. It is should be considered by whether Angkasa Pura I or NTB’s government.
Seeing that condition, there should be an analysis conduct by the local government so that in the future there will be no lost in erecting Lombok International Airport. Therefore in the future provincial government will not have a lost.
B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
a. Why Selaparang Airpot will be replaced by International Lombok Airport
b. What are the obstacle of erecting International Lombok Airport
c. What should government do before erecting LIA?
C. PURPOSES OF THE STUDY
a. Find out why selaparnag airport will be replaced by International Lombok Airport
b. Find out what the obstacke in erecting International Lombok Airport
c. Find out what should government do before erecting International Lombok Airport
D. DEFINITION OF KEY TERM
a. International Airport is an airport where it is use internationally use for transportation for tourism, trading and other international activities
b. Economy Development: improvement of national income in certain period of time. The economy development related to average national income.
c. Potency: resources that can useful for certain places, whether it is human resources potency or natural resources






CHAPTER II
REREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT
Development plan is urgently needed for decreasing the poverty in Indonesia. Planning is the only way for the developing country, Indonesia. Planning purposes are to improve national income, decreasing gap of income and poverty, improve work chance, and for general development.
Jhingan (1987: 7) reinforced that the development of economy seen from improvement of national income in certain period of time. The economy development related to average national income.
Opun and Richard Son in Jhingan said that the development of economy seen from the improvement that ever lasting. The improvement includes the prosperity of the society.
The development of economy should concern various potencies to be developed and this development is ever lasting. Therefore the identification of potencies should do by:
1. Identifying the power and weaknesses which potency that should be developed
2. Identifying which sector whose potency should be re-plan
3. Identifying the resources that support the development of particular sector
4. From those steps then we should do the second analysis which sector that have high economy potency to be developed.
5. Finally, planning the strategy to develop chosen sector that give a stimulus to other sector to be developed that seeing these things:
a. The development of agriculture, animal husbandry, and tourism
b. The development of fields that make one another balance such as forestry, water availability, transportation and infrastructures.



B. LOMBOK POTENCY
Concerning Lombok Potency should be done by local government. It is no use supporting infrastructure such as International Airport if tourist did dot interested come to West Nusa Tenggara at all. Since this time, provincial government should do something for supporting International Lombok Airport. Local government has to managing NTB’s abundant potency.
West Nusa Tenggara potencies are:
1. Tourism Potency
Tourism is the second sector after agriculture that has important role toward economy development. NTB is one of Indonesia province whose natural resources for tourism so abundant. At least there are 15 places of tourism resort in NTB, 9 in Lombok Island and 6 in Sumbawa Island.
NTB province is in Los Palos and Gold Triangle (Bali, Tanah Toraja and Komodo Island) whose abundant tourism resort in interesting. NTB well known with its original beautiful view such as beautiful beaches with white sand make it different with other places. Central Lombok (as the location of LIA) provided beautiful sea sight with its beautiful beaches. The beautifulness of An, Kute, Seger, and Selong Belanak beaches is well known throughout the world. On the other hand there are Rinjani Forest, Tambora Forest and Moyo Island and other small island that show very beautiful view.
Its culture also has an important role in tourism such as its historical places, traditional dances; gandrung dance, sumbawan dance, gendang beleq that will attract many tourist. Other unique are traditional dance mixed with traditional drama; cupak gerantang and putri mandalika.
In attracting tourist, local government should provide fund for developing those tourism resort. It has to be cared and protect so that they will still exist. Seeing the beaches condition especially n Central Lombok it is so bad. There is no neither provincial nor local government effort to develop it. The weakness of provincial government is the inconsistency to promote and develop tourism potency of NTB.

2. Hand Pottery and Hand Woven Potency
There are various hand pottery and hand woven in Nusa Tenggara Barat. Sukerare provided songket beautiful hand woven and other product such as kembang komak, selulut, ragi genap etc. Those products are done by “nensek” traditional way of Sasak in producing clothing.
Hand pottery produce gerabah from penujak and banyumulek. Those small industries for gerabah are well known all over the world.
The problem that faced by society is deal with the knowledge. Their knowledge in marketing and funding is so narrow. Therefore government should concern about it.
3. Agriculture Potency
West Nusa Tenggara agriculture area that can be used is 1. 106. 599 Ha. Just one-third of them are already used for agriculture but the rest are unmanaged because of irrigation problem. Therefore, increasing the production in agriculture, local government should concern in irrigation. For the dry area should manage with proper technology. And for farmer with low price of rise problem should be solved by local government
4. Fishery Potency
Fishery developing area devided into three, they are:
a. Lombok Island
b. West Sumbawa Island
c. East Sumbawa Island
Fishery potency in NTB can support the development of economy and economic development can support LIA in future to preventing the lost. Therefore provincial government should concern to fishery.
5. Mine Potency
Mine potency in NTB for gold is 3 to five gram per ton, it is found in Mount Rinjani and Sekotong that will last 15 to 20 year. It is found 150 places of mine in Lombok and Sumbawa 1, 2 hectare.
In Sumbawa Island there are lot of mine type B such as copper, silver and gold in Rpang, Lunyuk and East Sumbawa district
In Central Lombok there are mine type C such as sand, building stone, clay, marmer, bauxite kaolin, and silicon of benzoate.
Those potencies should be managed well for the prosperity.
6. Forestry Potency
C. THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT FOR LOMBOK ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT
Nowadays, life is getting modern than before, characterize with high mobility. High mobility reflected from supporting transportation, such as plane, train, bus, ship etc. The fastest among that transportation is a plane. We can reach our destination a thousand miles only in a few hours. And one of the infrastructures that support it is an airport.
We cannot deny how important airport in our life. And Soekarno Hatta Airport (Jakarta) is mentioned as the number 2 of the most crowded and fast developing airport in the world. Minister of Transportation, Hatta Radjasa mention that the number of airplane passengers after the crisis of year 200 reached 9,6 million people, year 2002 12 million people, 2004 increase again and become 24 million and year 2005 is estimated around 30 million passenger. This increased mobility, if it not anticipated, will cause technical problem.
West Nusa Tenggara has a tourism potential and economic growth that should be supported by bigger airport than Selaparang Airport. New airport erection is urgently needed because Selaparang Airport can not be widening because of some reason according to General Manager PT Angkasa Pura I that will be discussed in discussion
Lombok is looking forward to increase the tourism industry to hope improving the living standards of many of the people not only in the area but on the whole island. With this new airport, it hopes that the bigger size aircrafts can land directly from Europe, Australia or other Asian Countries without having to transit in Denpasar or Jakarta.
Lombok's new International Airport planned to have a runway of 2,750M long, and 45M width to enable the Boeing 747 or Airbus 310 can safely landed. Lombok and Sumbawa has become very potential place for the Tourist Destination. The airport will be located in Tanak Awu, Central Lombok, and will replace the existing Selaparang airport in Mataram, which currently can only handle small aircraft and is limited to mainly domestic flights.

























CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. SOURCES OF DATA
This study is intended to take secondary data form various sources such as books, search engine, paper for presentation and power point printed presentation.
In several reading materials, the writer found some expert statement as a proven of writer’s statement in purposes to find the answer of the questions.
B. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
This study method is collecting the data through books borrowing, presentation paper and internet sources.
Beside of those procedures, the writer also directly involves herself in public discussion with PT Angkasa Pura, BEM Fakultas Ekonomi, Forum Silaturrahim Pemuda Mahasiswa Lombok Tengah Selatan and many other public discussions in which the data are taken.
C. METHOD OF ANALYSIS
After collecting the data, the writer analyzes it by using content analysis. The result of this study is made in order to answer the problem previously as it stated in the first chapter.










CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION

A. FINDING
a. Selaparang Airport will be replaced by International Lombok Airport because some reasons that already analyzes by PT Angkasa Pura I that will be discussed in discussion:
b. The obstacle of erecting International Lombok Airport come form various aspect such as human resources, economy, NTB potency, other supporting infrastructure that will be discussed in discussion.
c. Before erecting LIA National Government or Provincial Government should do an economy analysis by identifying the power and the weaknesses of certain area.
B. DISCUSSION
West Nusa Tenggara has a tourism potential and economic growth that should be supported by bigger airport than Selaparang Airport. New airport erection is urgently needed because Selaparang Airport can not be widening because of some reason according to General Manager PT Angkasa Pura I that will be discussed in discussion:
1. Widening Selaparang Airport, 2500 miles to the west will pay a high cost (there are trade area, Chinese grave, and road to Senggigi.
2. Widening runway to the east is hard, because there is Rinjani Mountain.
3. Widening runway operationally is not possible.
4. Widening the runway to the south should freed settlement.
5. Widening the runway to the north should free the trade area, terminal, and settlement around 248. 140 m2.
6. Moving the DVOR needed 40.000 m2
7. Widening the runway should build new tower, building, cargo etc.
8. Etc
Seeing these reasons we should build new airport. Because we have people who need to travel for economical, social, cultural, political and for distribution reasons. According to Minister of Transportation Hatta Radjasa, this is the second airport development by PT Angkasa Pura I after Makassar which is done by them selves, and not like the other airport which follows the government pattern. But the fund can be from investor, central government budget and local government budget, he said. For the development of Lombok International Airport which has a base length of 2.750 meter and width of 45 meter, the first fund to make the airport suitable for landing of Airbus 310 and Boing 747 will amount IDR 625 billion, not included the land price for the finally released land of 538 hectare after 12 years in dispute. The last piece of land of 7,4 hectare was paid by local government of Nusa Tenggara Barat on Saturday (26/11) for IDR 2,6 billion or IDR 3,5 million per are (100 m2).

The other reasons in erecting this airport according to PT. Angkasa Pura and Department of Directorate General of Air Communication are:

(1) Lombok has been targeted to expand as role as primary Indonesian tourist destination. As Bali neighbor many tourist currently travel to Bali then Lombok. With the development of the new first class International Lombok Airport. International tourist can fly direct making Lombok a primary tourist destination. Central Lombok was estimated that 5 percent of these international travelers would elect to fly to and from Lombok Airport instead of Bali Airport.
(2) The development of tourism in Lombok will increase. The potential for both domestic and International tourist traveling to Lombok, likely resulting in increased growth rates. The expectation of increased international air services is likely to add an additional boost to international passenger growth.
(3) As international Airport New Lombok will have level of service and the capacity of Lombok Airport will increase to meet the air traffic demand.
But government’s policy to build LIA, has been criticize by some NGO’s such as Formula (Forum Silaturrahim Pemuda Mahasiswa Lombok Tengah Selatan) and from indigenous society around LIA’s area.
There are some problem that arise for this government policy, they are:
1. The erection of LIA is not in balance with the human resources around the area. PT Angkasa Pura argued that LIA will supply a thousand jobs for indigenous people. But what a pity, most of them is a farmer that has no skills or knowledge to work in LIA. The possibility is other people in big amount will come to Central Lombok and push them away from their land. How poor it is.
2. Indigenous people will have a culture shock, lots of different cultures come towards them, and not impossible the genuine culture of them will disappear if they have no filter at all. In other words, globalization comes towards them and ready destruct their culture in a flash….!!!
3. Lombok International Airport predicted will have 2 billion air passengers a year. It means that every day LIA should has 5479 passengers per day. If we examine Selaparang airport whose passengers only 800 000 air passengers every year. The consequence if LIA’s erection without any economic strategy is government will be in lost. If the passengers less than 1,4 billion people, NTB provincial government should pay the operational fund around 56 billion every year! This is a big amount of fund for NTB!
4. Central Lombok roadway is far from the standard roadway. Roadway along Penujak, Batujai, Mangkung, Kawo, and Teruwai is notfulfilling the standard at all. Government planned Central Lombok as a location for tourism resort but if the road along LIA does not support it, it is no use to erect International Lombok Airport.
5. There are lots of Central Lombok potency (NTB in general) in tourism that will increase air passenger but there are no well supporting infrastructures especially in tourism resort interact tourism to come to Lombok.
6. Central Lombok is one of NTB area whose electricity power is low. The availability of high electricity power takes an important role in economy development. As we know that International Airport needs high power of electricity. Therefore is it too hard to and needs time to build LIA.
Seeing the problem above, since the International Lombok Airport has been planned, national or local government should do to step in preventing the lost, they are; do economic analysis and make an economic strategy so the LIA passengers target will be reach then identifying NTB’s potency .
First, the plan of economy development is urgently needed to decrease the poverty. The economy development purpose is mainly to raise the income average of society with development target, potency analysis, power and weaknesses. Therefore there should be an economy analysis. According to Suparmoko, They are:
• Identifying the power and weaknesses which potency that should be developed
• Identifying which sector whose potency should be re-plan
• Identifying the resources that support the development of particular sector
• From those steps then we should do the second analysis which sector that have high economy potency to be developed.
• Finally, planning the strategy to develop chosen sector that give a stimulus to other sector to be developed that seeing these things:
a. The development of agriculture, animal husbandry, and tourism
b. The development of fields that make one another balance such as forestry, water availability, transportation and infrastructures.
Second, identifying NTB’s potencies, that will support LIA seen from:

• Tourism Potency
• Handiraft
• Agriculture Potency
• Fishery Potency
• Mine Potency
• Forestry Potency

Finally, West Nusa Tenggara provincial government should see NTB’s prospect before erecting Lombok International Airport. Therefore in the future LIA will not be just as useless as Surabaya International Airport and Makasar International airport that use just in Hajj.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. CONCLUSION
Reading and comprehending the above discussion being explained in the preceding chapters, the writer can conclude that:
1. The purpose of LIA erection is to develop NTB economy and some other reasons that explain before.
2. Expert in economy predict that if every year International Lombok Airport has passenger less than 1,4 million, government will have a lost around 56 billion.
3. There should be supporting infrastructures that support Lombok International Airport such as electricity and road.
4. NTB potency also should be managed well so that investor and tourist interested. They are: tourism potency, fishery potency, agriculture potency, mine potency, and forestry potency.
B. SUGGESTION
This study uses a valid data from Angkasa Pura I itself but this writing is also only a case of library research that the data collection is very limited. The study only reaches some of the data from some books, search engine and paper presentation.
The writer knows that this study is far from the expectation. Therefore the writer would like to offer suggestion that it is very important to do the research on the effect that will faced by government and society, it is also important to do participatory observation to prove the benefits, obstacles and the lost that will faced by the government. And on the other hand the erection of LIA ground is almost finished. The future investigation should complete the missing data, and modern literature.



BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.suarantb.com/2007/09/20/Sosial/index.html. Ekas, Hotel Berbintang atau Rumput Laut
http://www.suarantb.com/2007/09/20/Sosial/index.html. Besar, Potensi Tambang Emas Loteng
http://www.suarantb.com/2007/09/20/Sosial/index.html.Timah Loteng Dilirik Investor
http://www.bkpm.go.id/2007/09/20. Kabupaten Lombok Tengah
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Nusa_Tenggara_Barat
http://www.nusatenggaranews.com/ Hutan Lombok Tengah Mengkhawatirkan
Info BAPEDA NTB. Edisi ke-7. 28 September 2007
Jhingan, M. 1983. Ekonomi Pembangunan dan Perencanaan. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
Suparmoko, M. 2002. Ekonomi Publik untuk Keuangan dan Pembangunan Daerah. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Andi
Tolomundu, Farid. 2007. Mampukah NTB Bangkit?. Yogyakarta: Jaringan Pena.